Medication for ADHD: what do you need to know?
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Lidar como Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)can be challenging, both for adults living with this diagnosis and for parents looking for the best for their children.
Medication is often seen as a promising solution, but it also lifts issues and concerns: Is it the right choice? What are its real benefits and potential risks?
In this article, we clarify the role of medication in the treatment of PHDA, explore the options available in Portugal and demonstrate how it can be supplemented with other effective approaches.
The Role of Medication in the Treatment of PHDA
Medication for PHDA is often seen as a controversial solution: for some, it is a real hero, relieving symptoms and allowing greater focus and productivity 💪; for others, it is a villain, associated with side effects such as insomnia, loss of appetite or mood swings 😞.
The truth is, as in many cases, in the mid-term.
Medicines do not cure PHDA, but they can help regulate brain function, allowing the person to take greater advantage of other therapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and/or neurofeedback.
It is important to remember that the medication for PHDA is not a one-size-fits-all solution, but part of an integrated and personalized treatment plan.
International Guidelines for the Treatment of PHDA
⚠️ According to international recommendations, medicines no are indicated as first-line treatment for all people with this diagnosis.
Prescription of medicines is generally recommended in cases of moderate or severe symptoms, and only when psychological treatment has not produced satisfactory results.
This approach seeks to ensure that treatment is as safe and effective as possible, reducing the risk of unnecessary side effects.
Types of medicines for PHDA available in Portugal
In Portugal, there are some medication options for PHDA, approved and regulated by entities such as Infarmed.
These drugs are divided into two main categories: Stimulants and non-stimulants.
Stimulant Drugs for PHDA
Stimulants are the most widely used approach in the treatment of PHDA.
These substances act increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain— neurotransmitters that help regulate attention and behavior, being also linked to the phenomenon of neuroplasticity.
Check out some examples:
- Ritalin®, Concerto®, Rubifen®: contain methylphenidate, often the first drug of choice for the treatment of PHDA, especially in children.
- Elvanse®:contains lisdexamphetamine, generally indicated as a first choice for adults, being more common in children when there is no adaptation to methylphenidate.
👍 Main advantages of stimulant drugs:
- Quick start of action (about 30 minutes).
- Ease of taking (prolonged-release tablets require only one dose per day).
- Availability in various formulations, allowing greater flexibility in treatment.
- Methylphenidate is co-administered by the NHS.
👎 Main disadvantages of stimulant drugs:
- The adaptation period until finding the drug and the “ideal” dose can be complex and accompanied by a generalized feeling of malaise.
- Possible side effects, such as: lack of appetite, insomnia, headache, abdominal pain, weight loss, motor or vocal tics, anxiety, emotional lability, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
- “Crash effect”: occurs when the effect of the drug begins to diminish, leading the brain to a sudden drop in stimulation. This phenomenon can cause intense fatigue, irritability, loss of focus and general malaise, such as a “sudden disconnection” after a state of high productivity and concentration.
⚠️ Important Note:side effects are not common in most people and each case is unique and requires individual monitoring.
Non-Stimulant Drugs for PHDA
Non-stimulants are an important alternative for the treatment of PHDA, especially in cases where stimulants are not well toleratedor do not produce the expected results.
These substances act more gradually, regulating norepinephrine levels and promoting a stabilizing effect on brain receptors.
Check out some examples:
- Strattera®: contains atomoxetine, which is a potent selective inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake in the brain.
- Intuniv®(not available in Portugal) and Catapresan®:contain guanfacine and clonidine, respectively. They act by reducing the excessive release of neurotransmitters and regulating neural activity.
👍 Main advantages of non-stimulant drugs:
- They do not cause the “crash effect” present in stimulant drugs and have fewer reports of cases of abuse or inappropriate use.
- They have additional benefits: atomoxetine is effective for symptoms of anxietyand behavioral disorders, while clonidine/guanfacine is useful for the treatment of insomnia.
- Atomoxetine is co-administered by the NHS.
👎 Main disadvantages of non-stimulant drugs:
- They are less effective in controlling PHDA and are therefore generally used only in cases of therapeutic failure or contraindication to stimulants.
- Possible side effects: headache, drop in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, tiredness, changes in behaviour and irritability.
- They should be used with caution in people with heart problems.
⚠️ Important Note:side effects are not common in most people and each case is unique and requires individual monitoring.
Frequently Asked Questions about PHDA Medication
Abordagens complementares à medicação
É importante lembrar que a medicação é apenas um dos pilares no tratamento da PHDA.
Outras terapias podem ter um papel fundamental, especialmente quando combinadas com os medicamentos:
Considerações Finais
A medicação para a PHDA não é uma solução milagrosa, mas pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa no contexto de um tratamento personalizado e multidisciplinar.
O mais importante é reconhecer que cada caso é único e que o acompanhamento profissional é fundamental para alcançar os melhores resultados. 🧑⚕️
Se considera que você ou o seu filho podem beneficiar de um tratamento mais abrangente para a PHDA, entre em contacto connosco.
Na NeuroImprove Clinic, oferecemos uma abordagem integrativa e direcionada, que inclui uma avaliação inicial com qEEG, sessões de neurofeedback e apoio psicológico especializado.
Referências:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. NICE Guideline 2019. Disponível em: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87
Medicamentos para a Hiperatividade com Défice de Atenção. GABINETE DE INFORMAÇÃO E PLANEAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO - Infarmed, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.infarmed.pt/documents/15786/17838/Relatorio_ADHD.pdf/d6043d87-561e-4534-a6b1-4969dff93b78
Mechler K, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Häge A. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Volume 230, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940
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